Naloxone (Narcan) reverses the opioid component of overdoses but does not act against adulterants like xylazine or medetomidine. By Dr. Alberto Augsten, Toxicologist and Psychopharmacologist The overdose crisis in New York has evolved. It is no longer only about fentanyl: a new generation of adulterants — led by xylazine ("tranq") and, more recently, medetomidine — is reshaping the clinical landscape and pushing emergency services, hospitals, and addiction-treatment programs

“Poppers” are widely perceived as harmless recreational agents—marketed as room deodorizers, leather cleaners, or liquid incense. In reality, these products contain alkyl nitrites, a class of volatile vasodilators that can produce rapid physiologic effects and, in certain contexts, life-threatening toxicity. While often used for brief euphoria or smooth muscle relaxation, the risks are frequently underestimated by both users and clinicians. What Are Poppers? Poppers typically

Stimulant overdoses from cocaine and methamphetamine represent a growing component of the overdose epidemic, distinct from opioid-related deaths. These drugs cause overdose through entirely different mechanisms—via cardiovascular and neurological pathways—making them particularly deadly when combined with other substances. Understanding Stimulant Pharmacology Cocaine and methamphetamine are psychostimulants that increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin in the brain, c

Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are classes of medications designed to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures. However, their high potential for abuse, dependency, and overdose has made them significant contributors to drug-related mortality. This is especially true when these substances are combined with other central nervous system depressants like opioids and alcohol. The Role of Benzodiazepines and Barbiturates in Treatment Benzodiazepines, commonly referred to as "benzos

The opioid crisis represents one of the most devastating public health emergencies in modern history. Prescription opioids and illicit opioids like fentanyl have become the leading cause of overdose deaths across North America, fundamentally transforming treatment approaches and social policy worldwide. Understanding Opioids and Their Mechanism Opioids are a class of drugs that bind to opioid receptors in the brain, reducing pain perception and creating euphoric effects. From

Every few years, a substance emerges from the fringes of medicine and captures the attention of patients, families, and policymakers desperate for answers to the opioid crisis. Right now, that substance is ibogaine. And while hope is understandable — it's not enough. What Is Ibogaine? Ibogaine is a naturally derived psychoactive compound from Tabernanthe iboga that has been studied for its possible effects on addiction. Some individuals report significant reductions in opioid